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. , , - . : , . , 14 Atta 23 rr, . , , , , . /Edward O. Witson, Biophilia (Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1984). p. 33/

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, , , . , . , - , , ; . () . , - . , , . . / Charles J. Lumsden and Edward 0. Wilson. Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983). p. 33/

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- , - . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , . /Dennis McKenna. Hallucionogens and Evolution. Seminar transcript abstract, 1984. Esalen, p.2/



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. , Tabernanthe iboga - - . XIX . , , , . , , .

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, , . , , 6- . ., , . , , , - . , - , , , , (. 13).

, , . , , , . - , , , .



, , , , , , 575 . . . , . - , , . - : , . / R. S. Zahner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (New York: Putnam. 1961) p. 86/ , , .

() ( ) : , . , . ( ) , (), , , (IX- .), , . / H. D. Griswold. The Religion of the Rigueda (London: Oxford University Press. 1923)/

, , . , , . , , , . . , .

. , , , , , ; , , . , , : , . / Zahner, op. cit., p. 86/

? , . . , . , . , , - . , , , , . , , , .

, , , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , , , , , . / George W. Cox, The Mythology of the Aryan Nations (London: C. Kegan Paul. 1878). pp. 387-388/



, , . / .: Ernest Bender, ed., R. Gordon Wasson on Soma and Daniel H. H. Ingalls' Response (Publication #7). (New Haven: American Orient Society, 1971)/ Ephedra , , , Sarcostemma - , Cannabis - , Periploca (. 14).

. 14. . . . : (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1971). . 105.

, . g harmala, . / David Flattery and Martin Schwartz, Haoma and Harmaline, Near Eastern Studies, vol. 21 (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989)/ , 1794 . , , . , , .

(), , ; , , , , , { -. . .}, . , . . , , , , , , - ( ). / . 31/



(, ) , , , ( , , Amanita muscaria, , ).

, , . , , , , , . , . . -, , 1957 . , , , .

1971 : . . , - . , . , , , , . , - .

, ( ) , , . , , . Amanita muscaria .



Amanita muscaria : . , . - , . . Datura, ; Brugmansias, ; - Sophora secundifolia; Brunfelsias; Virola. , , , . , , .

, , , - . , , , . .

1965 1966 (Amanita muscaria) . . . , . , . , , , , , , , . , , , . () , , . mizo shiri - , , , . , , . , ; . , , , . , . / R. Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), p. 75/

, Amanita muscaria, - . , , . , , . / Martha Windholz. ed, The Merck Index. 9th ed. (Rahway. N. J.: Merck. 1976)/ . (, , , . - , , ).

. . , . , . , . , 10 000 ( ). .

, , . . -.

, . . , . -, , , , - . , . : , , . . . : , , - . , , . , ( - ) , - , . ( ) . . / 1988 /

, Amanita muscaria, , , . , , Amanita muscaria.


:

, . , , , , . , .

- . , , . : (). , : ( ) . Strofaria cubensis, , . - Strofaria cubensis . ? , . , , , , . . / R. Gordon Wasson, Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986) p. 135/

, , .

, , , , , , , , Stropharia cubensis / . . 134/

 . , - , , -. , . , Amanita muscaria. , , , Stropharia cubensis. , , , . , Stropharia cubensis . . Stropharia cubensis, . , . , , , , .

, , , , , . , , , , .

, . , , , , . . , , , , ( , ) . , ? / R. Gordon Wasson. The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. xvi/

(, , , ). , , (Les Champignons Hallucinogenes du Mexique), , . , , . , , .


PEGANUM HARMALA

, , Stropharia cubensis , , . , Stropharia cubensis - , , , . . , , . . , , / Flattery and Schwartz, op. cit/, , - Peganum harmala. -, Peganum harmala, , , Banisteriopsis caapi. , , . , Peganum harmala, , . , Peganum harmala . , , . , Peganum harmala , . , .

Peganum harmala, , , -. , , , , .



, . . ; . : . . , , . , , .

, , , . , . - , . , , . , . / S. H. Hooke, Babylonian and Assyrian Religion (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1963), p. 19/

, , , (. 15). . , , ; , , XIX , , . / Gaston Maspero, The Dawn of Civilization Egypt and Chaldea (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894), p. 655/

-, , ? . , Stropharia cubensis , . :

, . , , . , : - , , . , , . , , , - . , , , .



, Stropharia cubensis, , . , , , - , , . , , , - , : , . , , , , . . / Wasson. Soma. p. 256/

. 15. 4- . : (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922). . 655. - .

, , .

, , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . / Carl Ruck. co-author. The Road to Eleusis (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), in Wasson, Persephone's Quest, p. 256/

, , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , .



, . 1977 Stropharia Amanita - .

Str{opharia} cubensis . 1967 , , . Str. cubensis . , . , , . , , . . Str. cubensis , , . , Str. cubensis . - ? Str. cubensis , , , A{manita} muscaria. , . / P. , . 1977/

, , .


,

, , , , . , , . :

, , , - . - , .

. . , . - . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , .



Amanita muscaria , , . , . , . - , (), , , , , , .

, . . , , , , , (. 13). , , / .: Marija Gimbutas, The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1982). p. 219 / (. 16).

. 16. . (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1982). . 223 . 225.

, , Stropharia cubensis, , . . - , ( , ) Amanita muscaria.

. Stropharia cubensis , . Amanita muscaria - . , , , Stropharia cubensis . , , , .

, , . , , .

8. :

, , . Stropharia cubensis , . . , .

, , . , Stropharia cubensis ( ), . , - .



Stropharia cubensis , : , , . , , , . , , - , . , , , . , , .

. . , , , .

: , , . . , , , .

. , , . , XX .

: . , , .

, , - Stropharia cubensis. , , , , , . , , , . , .


-

- , - . V VIa 6500 . ., , , , . , , - . -, , . .

6000 . ., , , , . , , . , , , , . , .

, , . . XV . . . ( , - ), , , . / Riane Eisler. The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future (San Francisco: Harper amp; Row, 1987). pp. 30-31/

- , . . , . . , , , , , . / Martin P. Nilsson. A History of Greek Religion (New York: W. W. Norton. 1964) p. 13/

, . , - . . , , .

. , .



, , , . ? , ?

, , , ? , . ?

, , , , , , , , , , . . / Carl Kerenyi. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Bollingen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1976). p. 17/

- , - ? / .: Elmer G. Suhr, Before Olympos (New York: Helios Books. 1967)/ . , . - , ? , IV . . , : , . , , . . , , , , .

, , - . , , . . . / . 811; Tzetes. . 798; 1, . 369. 20 894, 42/ , . , , , . , . . / Bibliotheke III. 3 f/



, , , (pithos), , , ( ). : , , . { . . .}, , , , , , . , . , , . , , , . . , , . ( !), . , , , , - , , . , , . , , , . . , . .

. / Axel W. Persson. The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1942). p. 10/

. , : , -. . , Stropharia cubensis , . . , , . , . , : (madhu) , . , . , , , . / R. Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York:Harcout Brace Jovanovich. 1971). p. 16/



. , . , , -, () ( ) , . , , (pithoi) . , . ( ) , , . , , ; , , . , .

, - : , , - , . : . , , . , , .

, , , . , , - , .

, , . , . , . . , . , . , . . / Kerenyi, op. cit p. 27/

. , , .



, , , , , . - , . , , , , . , , , .

. , . . , , . , . / Walter F. Otto. Dionysus Myth and Cult (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965). p. 65/

, . ; - .

, . / Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, 2 vols. (Baltimore: Penguin. 1955); p. 57/ , , , , , . , , , . / , , , . , ( ).

, , - . , , . , , , ? -, , , , , . , , , , .

, , 10 , -: , 4 . , , , , , .



, , . , , , , , . , , , . : , , . .

( ) -; ; (kernoi) ; , , ; anaktoron , ; , ; , ; : , , , 唅 , 20 , . , , , . / Persson, op. cit., p. 150/

, , , , , , .

XVIII .

, , . , , , ?! . , , . , . , , . / Le Clerc de Septchenes, The Religion of the Ancient Greeks (Umdon: Elliot andT. Kay. 1788), p. 180/

, . , , . , , , , . .

, , { , , , , . . .} - , . , , : . , , , , . . , , ; , , , , , , , . . / Walter F. Otto, The Meaning of the Eleusinian Mysteries, in Joseph Campbell. Eranos Yearbook Number Two: The Mysteries (New York: Pantheon. 1955). p. 23/

, , , , .


?

, - , , . , 1964 , - . .

, , , , - . II . . .; , , - . . - , , -, - , , mnit muscaria: , , phalloi, . / Robert Graves, Difficult Questions, Easy Answers (Garden City. N. Y.: Doubleday. 1964). pp. 106-107/

: . , . , , , . , . : , .

, , , , . , , , .



, - 1977 , , , . , , , , (ergot).

, , . . , - . Claviceps purpurea , , , ( ). , , , ', . , , , , -.

, .

, . , , , . , , (), . - , , , , , . / R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann. and Carl Ruck. The Road to Eleusis (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1978)/

. , 415 . . ., , , , , .

, , , . 1900 , . , - . , , . / Kerenyi, op. cit p. 53/

, , , , , . () , - . , . : , , . . 994 . . 40 000 . 1129 1200 . , 1789 , , - , . , , . / Mary Allerton Kilbourne Matossian. Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989)/ .

: . , , . , . , , . . / A. Hoffer and H. Osmond, The Hallucinogens (New York: Academic Press, 1967), p. 84/

, - . , , . , , . , , ?

- . Claviceps paspali, , , , , ( ) . , , .



, , , , . , --,Stropharia cubensis - , - , .

, -, : , ; , . , , 10 000 , , . . , . , , , .



, , , . , , , , .

, , , . . , .

9.

, , . , , . , . , . . , , , , , : .



- , , , , - . , , . , .

, , , - . , , .

, , , , . , Homo sapiens , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . / Aldous Huxley, Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience, Michael Horowitz and Cynthia Palmer, eds. (Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1977), p. 97/

. , , , .



, , . . ; , , , .

, , . , , . , , , , . . , -, (. 9).

. 17. . , - . . . . 146, . 145.

, , , ( ) . , , , .

, (. 17). , , / Fasti III 736/, , , , , , . , , . , : , , : , . / Carl Kerenyi. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Bollmgen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). p. 98/

, - , . , -. . .



, , . . , , . , , , , , . / E. S. Drower, Water into Wine (London: John Murray. 1956), p. 7/

, , (), , , . , , , , .

. 14%, , , . , . , , , . , , . (resin) , , , , .

, . , . ( , , , ). , , .



, , , . . . , , .

, . , , , - . , , . , , . - , , , . , , , , .

, . , . ? , , . , , .

, . , , , . , , . , , . , , . / Ronald . Siegel, Intoxication (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1989), p. 119/

, , , - , , . , , . ( .) { (spirits) (spiritus) . .}

- IV . . . . , : , ; , , 9 . / James R. Ware, Alchemy, Medicine, Religion in the China of A. D. 320: The Nei Pien of Hung (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press), p. 72/ , , , .



, , . aqua vini . , aqua vini, . / Richard R. Matheson. The Eternal Search: The Story of Man and His Drugs (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985)/ , , 20 , (. 18). ; , , , . : , . , , . / Charles H. La Wall. The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines through the Ages (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1927), p. 158/

, , , , . . , , .

. 18. , Mutus Liber ( ). .

, , , - , . , . . - , . magma mater, , , , .

. , , , , , . - , , .

, , , ; , , , . , , , , , . - , , .



. , , , XVIII XIX . . , , , , . , , - , . , -, , , . , -, . , , . , .

? - , , ? , . , , . , . , , , , , , , .

. , . , , , . . , , , . , , . .



. . , . / Lewis Lewin. Phantasiica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1931), p. 190/

, . . , . , , , , .

, , , . , , .

. , . ; , .

. , , , . , , , , ? , , , , , ?



, , . ! , . , . , , ?

. , , , , . , , . , ; , , . , , , , - . - . , , . , , , , . , , , , .

10. :

, . . , , . , , . , . , , . .

, , , . , 685 . .; cannabis. , ; , . , ; , , . . 1940 , , , muggles, mooter, reefer, greefa, griffo, Mary Warner ( ), Mary Weaver (-), Mary jane, Indian hay ( ), loco weed ( ), love weed ( ), joy smoke ( ), giggle smoke ( ), bambalacha, mohasky, mu, moocah. . / .: Robert P. Walton, Marijuana: America's New Drugs Problem (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1938), pp. 188-19



, , . . , .

: . , - . , , , . , .

, , , - , , , . , , , , . , , , 15 000 . ., . , - . chelum - , ( ) , . chelum , , , , .



, 700 . ., , . - .

, {}, , ; : , , , {}, ; , , , . , , . / , , H. , . (London: George Bell and Sons. 1901), . IV, . 74/

, .

{} , , , , . , , , . , , . / , . I, . 202/

, , , , , , chelum! - , , , .



, XXVIII . . ., . 220 . . : , , . / Julian quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 3/

, . , -, . 1000 . ., , , . , . . ., . , , . , . . , XIX , , .

, , . , , , . / J. Campbell Oman, The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India (London: T. Fischer Unwin, 1903)/


,

, ? , - - , . - , . , . - .

. , , . , , , , . 60- - , . , , .

, , . , , , . , , , . , , , , .

, . , - . . , . , , , , . - , , , . , , . , , , , , .

. . , .

, . 60- ? , - () , , , .



(23-79 . . .) , thalassaegle, potamaugis, .

, . thaengelis, - , , , . . gelotophyllis , . , . / Quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 8/

(I . .) , . , , . , , . 950 . . , . , .

, , , , , , - . , , : , , ; , , , , - . , . / J. F. de Lacroix, Anecdotes Arabes et Musulmanes, Depuis I'An de J. C. 614 (Paris: Vincent, 1772), p. 534/

, .



: -. . chimbira , . , , , , . , , , - , , . - , . -, . , , ? , . . , . , , . - , , .

. , , , -- , . , , , , , . , , . , (hashishin) (assassin) . , , , .

. .

, . 175 , , , . . (Description d'Egypte) 24- (1809-1813 .). .



, . , , . XIX . , , . . , .

40- , , , , , , , . - . .-. - dawamesc. , . 1848 , .

1842 .-. 0' , - . , , .

. , . ; . , , .

, , - 1290 . , XVI , , , , ' - 1840 .

1845 .-. (Du Hachich et de I'Alienation Mentale). , . , . XIX .


XIX

, . , , . , . , . ; , . XIX , , -, , . , . , , 1854 .

. ; , , , , , , . {} ( , ) . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , ! , . , , , .

, , , . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , ; . , , . , , . / Bayard Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen (New York: G. P. Putnam. 1855). pp. 137-139/

, ; . , , , . , . , , . , , , , , , , .



XIX . , . -, , . , - . .

; (, , ) . , , , . , , , , - . . , , ( , ), - .

; - , . , , . , , , . , , , , , , , .



. XIX - , . . , 1855 , .

, . ., , - , , , , , , , , . ; , - , . / Fitz Hugh Ludlow, The Hasheesh Eater: Being Passage from the Life of a Pythagorean (New York: Harper amp; Brothers, 1857), p. 86/

, -. , , , , . , , - .-. , - . , , .

? , . , , , , , : ! , .

, , , , -: , , , . , ,

, , , , ( ) , . / , pp. 288-289/


XX

. . 30- , , . . , -, , , , .

. . , - . : , .

, , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , .

, , . , , , . , , , . , .

III.

11. : , ,

-, , - . ( ) . , , , . , . .

, , , . , , , , . , , , .



, ; , . . , , , , , , - . , . , , , ; , , , , , . , . , . , .

, , ? , . , , , , , , .

, . : . .

, . , , , - . , , .

, - . , , , , .

, , -, . - , - ? , , , . ( ) , , . , .


,

, , , . , , - , , . . . , , .

. , , , - . , , , , , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , , !

. , , , , , , . , : , .

, , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , - . , , . , , , . ; ; , .

, . , , . , , , , . , , , .



, , , , , , , . : , . , . , , , , .

. XVI . , XVIII .

, , , , . . . , . , , , . XIX I .

, , , . . (Saccharum officinarum), , . (531-578 . . .), -, .

( ) - (. shakar shakkar, . sarkara), , , , . , , 527 . 300 . . ., -, . , . / De Lacy CTLeary. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs (London: Routledge amp; Kegan Paul, 1949), p. 71/

1319 , 1390 . , : , , . , , , , .

.

1550 , , , , . , XVI - 1650 . / Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Transformed Mankind (new York: Harper amp; Row, 1985). p. 46/



? . , . . , , . , , , . , , . ! , , . , . , .

, . , , . ; . , . .

, .

, , , , , . , , , , . , , ; , , ; , , , . . / Janice Keller Phelps and Alan E. Nourse, The Hidden Addiction and How to Get Free (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), p. 75/



, -, , XVII-XVIII . - , , . , , , . : , , , , .

, . ; , , . :

, , . , , . , , , , . , , .

, . . , : , , . , , , . , .

1432 , , , . 60 , . , , , , . , .

. 1443 .

, - , , . , , , . , . / Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 54/

, .

. ( ). . -, , -, . / Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 63/

. , . , . , .

, ; , . , - , . , . . 1800 , , . , , , .

- , , , , .



, , , . , , , , . , , , . , , .

, , , . - , , . ( , - ) XX , .

, , , , . , ? , , , . , , .

, , . , , , . , .



, .

,

,

,

.

/ Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981)/

, . , , , , , , , , . ; , . . , , . , . , , Ilex paraguayensis - - Paullinia yoco - , , .

, , , - , . , , , , .

. , , , . , .


:

, , , 1650 . . , , , ; . , , . , . , , , , .

1820 ( 30 , ). XVIII XIX . , . , , , 5% , , , . / Hobhouse. op. cit., pp. 96-97/

; 1453 . , , . 1498 .

, , , . , . , - -, . - , , 1600 .

1834 , - , .

- , , , 100 375 , . - 17 800 1800 . - , , , . / Hobhouse. op. cit p. 108/



XVIII , , , . , . , , , , . , , . 16 1773 , . , , . -, , . , .

XIX . . , , : , , . .



, , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , 500 , . , .

. , , , XVI . XVIII , . , , . , .

, , - , , , , . (1803 .), (1873 .) XX . , , , . , , , , , , . , . , : . , , , , .



XI , 1037 ( ), , , . , . , () . , , - , Coffea arabica.

, , ; . , , . 1100 , XIII .

, . : , , . , , . , , , , , .



, . , . . , , , , , . , . / Lewis Lewin. Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1931). pp. 256-257/

, 1511 . , 10 , , . , , . 1777 . , , .

, - , .

, . , . , , Chawae, . , . , , , , . , II, : -, , , , , . -, , . / . pp. 257-258/

, - , , , 1570- . , , . 1643 , 30 250 . , , 2000 . , .



, . , Theobroma cacao, / , . , , , . , , . / Jonathan Ott. The Cacahuati Eater: Ruminations of an Unabashed Chocolate Eater (Vashon. Washington: Natural Products Co., 1985). pp. 12-22/

. . . , : . II 1502 . / . . Oss and O. N. Oeric. Psilocybin: The Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide (Berkeley: Lux Nature Press, 1986), p. 73/

, , , . , , . V: 2000 ; . / Lewin, op. cit., p. 283/

, . , , , . 1606 , . II, -, , .

, ( ) ? , , , , - . , , .

12. :

, . , , . . . , , , , , , , , , .

, , , . , , , , - . , : , . , , . , , -.



? , , , , , , , , , , .

, , , . , , , , . , . , . / Arnold S. Trebach. The Great Drug War (New York: Macmillan. 1987). p. 291/

, , . . , , , .



, . , , . . , , - . ! , , . XIX . . , ( , ), , ( ).

- , , . ? - .

, , . , , , , , . , , . , 1805 , , , , , .



, . , , , , , - . . , , , , . (Papaver somniferum) .

1600 . . , , , . , . , , , , .

, , . , , ; , . , - , , . , (. . 19).

. 19. , . .

, , , , . (VII, 157).

,

. / Carl Kerenyi. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Bollingen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1976), p. 23/

. 20. . . (New York: Panlheon, 1955). . 263.

, , , (. 20). , . . ; , . , , , .

, . ; .

, , 300 . ., I . ., . , , . , . VII . , , , , . / William Emboden, Narcotic Plants (New York: Macmillan. 1979), pp. 27-28/

III . ., , 2000 . , , , , , XVII . 1613 , , , , . , , , . / Alethea Hayter, Opium and the Romantic Imagination (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1968). p. 22/

, . , , . ; , , , , . /Fred Getting's Dictionary of Occult, Hermetic, and Alchemical Sigils (London:Routledge amp; Kegan Paul. 1981) , . / , 1612 , (osoror) , .



, , . XVI , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , : , . / . : Lewin. . 38/

, , , , , . -, , , , .



, . 1492 , , . , , , , . , , - , , , . , . , , . , , .

, , , , .

, , , , , . , , , , . / Lewis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1931), p. 288/

, , , , . . , . . , . - -- {, . . .}. , , , , , ().



. , , - , .

, 800- , . Nicotiana rustica, . , Nicotiana tabacum. . , . , , , - , , . . .

, . . -, , , - , . , , . /Francis Robicsek. The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History and Religion (Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1978). p. 46/

, .

. .

, , , . , , . , 600 800 . ., , , , . .-. , - , . , , , , , balche - . Balche , . , , . , . / Peter Furst, Hallucinogens and Culture (San Francisco: Chandler amp; Sharp, 1978). p. 28/



, , . , , , . , , 1661 , .

, . , . . ( ) . . /Thomas Bartholin, Historiarum anatomicarum et medicarum rariorum (Copenhagen. 1661)/

, XVIII .

, .

, , . , , , - , . : .

, , . , . , , , 1579 . / Emboden. op. cit p. 38/

, , , . ,

. 1560 , . , rb Medicea, Herba Catherinea. Nicotiana rustica - . Nicotiana tabacum , , .



. VII , . 1650 . . I, 1604 .

, ( ) , , , , , , , , ? ? , . / Robiscek. op. cit p. 8/

, , . , 7000 ! .



(1618-1648). , . , - . , .

: Nicotiana tabacum, . . , , , . . , .

- , , , . , 1960- ( ), . , , , , . , . (, , : - ).



(1628-1644) . . . 1793 , .

1729 . , , 1830 25 000 . , , , (1838-1842).

, . - , , , 1834 , . . . / Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Transformed Mankind (New York: Harper amp; Row. 1985), p. 117/

, , . 1838 , . , . , . ; , , , . / Arthur Waley. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958), pp. 11-157/

, 1840 . , . : . 1840 , . , , 6 300 . , , . . / Peter Ward Fay. The Opium War (New York: W. W. Norton. 1975). pp. 249 260. Also see Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (new York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975)/

. . .

XX . : , . . , XIX , , .


:

XIX , . - , , , .

. 1960- , , . , . , . , , , Zeitgeist ( .) . , . .

, , - , , , . ( - ) , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , - . , , , , . , ; , ; , , . . / Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (London: MacDonald. 1822). p. 117/

. 21. , 1893 . .

; , , . ; , , , ( , ). , .

, , . - , , - , ( ), . , . / Hayter, op. cit p. 103/



, .-. , , , - . , , , , . . ; XIX , , , . , , , . ,

, . 1853 , , , , , (. 21).

XIX , . ( ) , , . , , . , - . , . .

13. : ,,

1805 . . , . . . , , . .

- XIX . , , . 1853 . . , -. , , .

1890 , . , .



, , . , . , , , . XX .

, . , 10 , , . .

. , , , . , , .

- . , . , . { () , . . . . . . . 1994, N 20. . 28. . .} , , . , , , . , - . , , . , , .

. . , . . .

: . . , . , . , : ? , . , , , , , . , - . , -. . / Hayter, op. cit p. 103/


:

, , . , .

, , : Coca no es un droga,, es comida ( , ). . . / James A. Duke, David Aulik. and Timothy Plowman. Nutritional Value of Coca. Botanical Museum Leaflets of Harvard University 24:6 (1975)/ , . , , . , , . . , . , .

, . . . . , , - .

, - , - . , , , . (. 22).

. 22. , . . . (San Francisco: And/Or Press, 1974). .

1859 . , . , , , , . -, , .

, . , , . , ; , , , . / Sigmund Freud, The Cocaine Papers (Vienna: Dunquin Press. 1963), p. 14/

, , , , . . ; 1885 . . , , . , .

. 1888 , : , . , . / Arthur Conan Doyle. The Sign of Four in The Complete Sherlock Holmes (New York: Doubleday. 1905)/

. 23. . .

, , , . , , . . 1888 (. 23), , .

, - . , , , . , - , . , XIII, , 12 , . / Introduction by Michael Horowitz. in W. Golden Mortimer. History of Coca, the Divine Plant of the Incas (San Francisco: Fitz Hugh Ludlow Library. 1974)/



, , , , , . 1906 , , , . , , , , , , , , . , ? , ? ? , - , , ? , . , XX , , .

, XX , , . - . , XVIII XIX , - . , (. 24).

. 24. . .

. . , , . , , . , , , , .



, , . , , .

, . . . , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , .

1914 1939 , , , , . , .

. . , , , . , 60- , , No. 4 -. / Alfred W. McCoy. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper Colophon Books. 1972)/



. ( ) , , , . , , Opus Dei .

, , . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . / Henrik Kruger. The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence and International Fascism (Boston: South End Press. 1980). p. 14/

. 70- . - . , .

, - . , , , . , -, , . , , - . 80- , .

-, , . , , , , ? . , , -. . , , , . ? , .

, , , , , . , , - , . , , , .



. , . / Philip . Dick. The Man in the High Castle (London: Penguin. 1965)/ , . , . - , . , , . . , , .

, , , , . , ; , ; - , , . , , , , , - . , . , , , .

, . , - , , . , , , , , . . . , - . , , , . / Marie Winn. The Plug-In Drug (new York: Penguin. 1977). pp. 24-25/



, , , , . , , , , , , . ? , , , , . , , , - . . . .

. , , . / Jerry Mander. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (New York: Quill. 1978). p. 197/ , . , ; , .

. , 1806 , , . , , , , . . , , . . , , , .

, , , , . , , . 60-, . ! . , . . / Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (new York: Grove Press. 1985). pp. 27-35/ ( ). , , , , , , .

IV. , ?

14

, . IV () , . , , . , , . . , , .

, ( , ). XX . , , .

, , , . , , , , . .

hagazussa, , hag - , , . , . , . , , , , , . / Hans Peter Duerr. Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary Between Wilderness and Civilization (Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1985)/

, , , .



. . - , . , ? . . Psilocybe, , , , , - . () . , (), - , , , .

. , . , , , , , XVIII . , , .

XIX - . 1850 . / Richard Spruce, Notes of a Botanist on the Rio Negro, A. R. Wallace, ed. (London: Macmillan. 1980)/ - , - . , , Banisteria caapi. , , , (. 25).

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. , .

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, , , , . , , , (. 26). , , . , . .

. 26. . . .

. , . , , - . ; , .

, . , , . , , , . , , , . .



. XIX , .

1887 - , , - . , , , . , 1897 , - .

, , , , . , . , , , -. . , , . , , -, , , - . / . : A. Hotter and H. Osmond. The Hallucinogens (New York: Academic Press. 1967). p. 8/



1897 , , , . , Lophophora williamsii. , , . , , , .

, , .

; , , , ; , , . , , , , . - , - , , - , . , , , . , , , . / . . 9/

, , . , , , . - , , , . . . , , .

. , , , , - . , . , , . , , . , - , - . , . , , . . , , . / . . 7/

1927 , , . , .

, . , , . , .

. ( ) - , . , . . ( 1 .) . , . , : . , . / Heinrich Kluver. Mescal, the Divine Plant and Its Psychological Effects (London: Kegan Paul. 1928). p. 28/



. . , Banisteriopsis caapi, , 80 . , , . 1929 . : - , . 1929 . . - Banisteriopsis caapi . , 1957 , , , Peganum harmala, .

30 - , . . , , .

. , . , . , . 1919 , , . / .: Victor A. Reko, Magische Gife, Rausch'und Betaubungsmittel der neuen Welt (Berlin: Express Edition. 1987)/ 1937 , . , ipomoea violacea, , .

, , , , , . , , , - .


-

, , . , .

, . -, . , , . - , - - .

. . 30- ; , , . , , . , 1939 , , . / Richard Evans Schultes. Plantae Mexicanae. II: The Identification of Teonanacati, a Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztec amp;, Botanical Museum Leaf lets of Harvard University (1939) 7:37-54/ , .



, . 1938 , , . ( ) . , , d- -25. , , . . , .

, , 1894 , . / Alfred Jarry, Selected Works of Alfred Sorry, Roger Shattuck and Simon Watson Taylor, eds. (New York: Grove Press. 1965)/ , , . .

, 16 1943 , , , , .

, . - , . ( ) , . - . / Albert Hofmann. LSD, My Problem Child (Los Angeles: Tarcher. 1983). p. 15/



1947 , . 50- , .

1954 -, , .

, , , , . , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , . , . / Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper, 1954). p. 33 (. . .23)/

1956 . . , - , 10 . . .

- , : , , , , . , , , . , ; , , . / Steven Szara in Psychotropic Drugs. S. Garattim and V. Qhetti, eds (Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1957). p. 460/

, 1957 , , . , , , , , . - . , , , / . , . , .

, , 1958 .

1947 1960 , . , .



60- , , , . : , . . , ; , .

, , , , .

. 50 , 5/100000 . , , . , 10 100 . , . , , ; . , . . . : .

. , , . , , - .

, , . , , , : . , . / Jay Stevens. Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 1987); Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid Dreams: The IA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (New York: Grove Press. 1985)/ , , , XIX , , .

.

60-, , , , . , - , ? , . , 1971 . - , , , , .

-, , .

, , 60- , , , , -- (), , , , , , {. . .} , , . , , , , -25. - . , 50-, , , . /Lee and Shiain, op. cit., p. xxi/

, 1973 . , , , . , - , , - . , , , : , . / . . 286/

, , . , , . , , . , .

. - , , , - . , , , . ; 70-80- 60- - . 70- : , .

60- , . , , , , , . , , , .

, , , . , 45% , , . / A. Hotter and H. Osmond. New Hope for Alcoholics (New York: University Books. 1968)/ , . , , , . , , , . / Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar. Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1979). p. 216/ .



- , , . ; , ; . , , .

: . , , , .

. , -, , , . , . 1954 , ( ), .

, . , , , .

, , .



, . , - - . ; , , . ; . , , .

{} , . , , . , , . . , . / Lee and Shiain. op. cit p. 84/


:

, 1966 , , . 70- , , 1975 . ; .-. .-. : . 100 000 . -. , , , , , .

. , , , , . . , .

, , . , . , . , , , . , , , , , , .



, , , , ? , , . , , . , , .

, . , , , 70-, 80- , . , , , / Sophia Adamson. Through the Gateway of the Heart (San Francisco: Four Trees Press. 1985)/ , - . , . 80- -, .

, . , , . , : , , , , .



, , , . . . , - , . !. . , , . , , . , , , ; . , , , .

- . . , , , . , , .


15.

15.

, , . , .



, , , , , . Stropharia cubensis, , .

Ipomoea purpura Turbina ( Rivea)corymbosa. , , , , , , . , . / Sophia Adamson. Through the Gateway of the Heart (San Francisco: Four Trees Press. 1985)/

, , , , . , .

-. -. -, , , , , .

, , , , . . , . , , , , - . , , , . .

. , , , , . , , , , .

, , , , . , , , , , , , -.



, , , , , . , , . , , 5-, . , , , , , , 15 . , , .

, . . , , . . , . , , , , - ?

: , . . , , . , 60- , . /Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner. The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead (New Hyde Park. N. Y.: University Books. 1964)/ , , . , , , . , . , . - . ( ), . , , , - .

, , . - , . , ? , . , . , , . , , . .


?

? , ? , . , . , . .

- ; , , . , . , , , , . -, ; , .

, , , , , . , . - . , , , , , .



, , , , . . , . , , - . , , , . , , , , . XVI , . , , . , .

, , , . . , , , , , , .



, . , , . , , , . , . , , , ; , . . , , , - , . , , . .

. , . . , -, . , . . , -. .

, , , - , , . , , , , . / Martin Moyniham. Communication and Noncommunication by Cephalopods (Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1985)/

, , , , . , - , , , , . .

, , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . / Hans Jonas. The Phenomenon of Life (New York: Dell. 1966), p. 238/



, . , , , , , , , , . .

, , /, , , . , , . , , . .

, , , . , . , , , . , .

, , , , , , , , . , , , . , , .



; . -, . . , ? -, , , , , . : . ? , , ? ? ?

, . , , . , , . . , . , . , - , , , . , -, , . .

- , , - : , . , . , , : . , , , , , . , . ; ; .

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. - ? - ? - , ? , ?

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, , - , , . . , , , . -. , , , , .

, , , - , . , , ? , , ? . , ? , , ? , , . , , . , , , , , . : , , , , , , . . , - , , .

- , ; , . - . , , . - , , , , , . , , .

, , . , , . : , . . , , , , , .

, , Stropharia cubensis, , , , . , , , . , , , , , . .

, , , . , . , . , , . . , , - . - . Virola, , Anadenanthera peregrina. . . , , , (. 27). , , , , .

. 27. . .-. , (London: Synergetic Press, 1988). . 195.



, : ?

, No 1. No 1 - . . - , . 60- , , , .

, , - . -, . . ?

, , . - . , . .



, , - . , , . , , . , - , , , - , , .

. , . , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , . ? . : .

XX , . , , , , , . , . , , . .

, . / Hans Jonas. The Phenomenon of Life (New York: Dell. 1966), p. 238/ -, . , - . , , , . . .

. - , , , , . , , . , . . , . , , , . , , .

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-, . , . , , , , . .



, , , . . , , , , .

, , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . .

. , , , . , , , . , XVIII -.



: . , . , .

, ; , , . , . , , , - , . / Arnold S. Trebach. The Great Drug War (New York: Macmillan. 1987), p. 363/

, , , . , - , . . , , , .

, , , , , . , 60- , ( ) -. , , , , . , , , . , , . . , , , .

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. , , , . , , . , .



, , . , , . , , , .

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:

, . , , , . . , , : , , . , .

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. ? . ?

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, , , . , , .

. , , , . , , , . , , , elixir vitae ( ). , , homo meniscus homo sapiens. , . / Arthur Koestler. The Ghost in the Machine (New York: Macmillan, 1967). p. 339/

, - , . , . , , . , .



, , . , . - , .

. , . : . , , , . - ; , , .



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. .

. , , , , .

(Amanita muscaria). . , . .

. . , --, XX , , , .

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. , . Tabernanthe iboga.

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I.

???? R1=R5=H, R2=R3=R4=OCH3: 3,4,5-- ( )= R1=R4=OCH3, R2=H, R3=R5=CH3: 2,5--4--=STP

( )


II.

1.

???? ) Alkyl=CH3: N,N,- ( .) ) Alkyl=C2H5, C3H7, C3H5: N,N,- . ( )

2.

1) 4-:

???? ) R=OPO3H, Alkyl=CH2: R=OH, Alkyl=CH3: ( ) ) R=OPO3H, Alkyl=C2H5: CY-19 R=OH, Alkyl=C2H5: CZ-74 ( )

2) 5-:

???? ) R1=OH, R2=R3=CH3: ) R1=OCH3, R2=R3=CH3: 5--N,N,- ) R1=OCH3, R2=H, R3=CH3: 5--N- ( , , .)

3.

1) - :

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2)

???? ) R1=R2=H: d- ) R1=H, R2=CHOHCH3: d- ( ) ) R1=R2=C2H5: d- (=-25) ( )

3)

???? ( Tabernanthe iboga)

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